Hyponatremia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Serum sodium concentration and serum osmolarity normally are maintained under precise control by homeostatic...
Hypernatremia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Sodium levels are tightly controlled in a healthy individual by regulation of urine concentration and an intact...
Initial Evaluation and Management of the Burn Patient
Overview Outcomes for burn patients have improved dramatically over the past 20 years, yet burns still cause substantial morbidity and...
Hypokalemia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Hypokalemia is defined as a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L, while moderate hypokalemia is a serum level of...
Hyperkalemia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Hyperkalemia is defined as a potassium level greater than 5.5 mEq/L. [1] It can be difficult to diagnose clinically...
Hypercalcemia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Hypercalcemia is a disorder that most commonly results from malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. [1, 2, 3, 4,...
Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity
Practice Essentials Ingestion of excessive calcium channel blocker (CCB) agents is one of the most potentially lethal prescription drug...
Anaphylaxis
Practice Essentials Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal, multiorgan system reaction caused by the release of chemical mediators...
HIV Infection and AIDS
Practice Essentials Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared...
Aortic Dissection
Summary Aortic dissection (see the image below) is defined as separation of the layers within the aortic wall. Tears in the intimal layer...
