Hyponatremia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Serum sodium concentration and serum osmolarity normally are maintained under precise control by homeostatic...
Hypernatremia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Sodium levels are tightly controlled in a healthy individual by regulation of urine concentration and an intact...
Hypokalemia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Hypokalemia is defined as a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L, while moderate hypokalemia is a serum level of...
Hyperkalemia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Hyperkalemia is defined as a potassium level greater than 5.5 mEq/L. [1] It can be difficult to diagnose clinically...
Hypercalcemia in Emergency Medicine
Practice Essentials Hypercalcemia is a disorder that most commonly results from malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. [1, 2, 3, 4,...
