Practical Emergency Medicine

Practice Essentials Serum sodium concentration and serum osmolarity normally are maintained under precise control by homeostatic...

Practice Essentials Sodium levels are tightly controlled in a healthy individual by regulation of urine concentration and an intact...

Practice Essentials Hypokalemia is defined as a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L, while moderate hypokalemia is a serum level of...

Practice Essentials Hyperkalemia is defined as a potassium level greater than 5.5 mEq/L. [1] It can be difficult to diagnose clinically...

Practice Essentials Hypercalcemia is a disorder that most commonly results from malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. [1, 2, 3, 4,...